Almost sure convergence and the strong law of large numbers

$\newcommand{\Om}{\Omega}\newcommand{\F}{\mathscr F}\newcommand{\one}{\mathbf 1}\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb R}\newcommand{\e}{\varepsilon}\newcommand{\E}{\operatorname{E}}\newcommand{\Var}{\operatorname{Var}}\newcommand{\convas}{\stackrel{\text{a.s.}}{\to}}\newcommand{\w}{\omega}\newcommand{\N}{\mathbb N}\newcommand{\convp}{\stackrel{\text{p}}{\to}}$In this post I’m going to introduce almost sure convergence for sequences of random variables, compare…

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Convergence in distribution and probability with the weak law of large numbers

$\newcommand{\Om}{\Omega}\newcommand{\w}{\omega}\newcommand{\F}{\mathscr F}\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb R}\newcommand{\e}{\varepsilon}\newcommand{\convd}{\stackrel{\text d}\to}\newcommand{\convp}{\stackrel{\text p}\to}\newcommand{\convas}{\stackrel{\text {a.s.}}\to}\newcommand{\E}{\operatorname{E}}\newcommand{\Var}{\operatorname{Var}}\newcommand{\one}{\mathbf 1}$In this post I’m going to introduce two modes of convergence for random variables.…

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Gaussian distributions with low rank covariance matrices

$\newcommand{\one}{\mathbf 1}\newcommand{\convd}{\stackrel{\text d}\to}\newcommand{\convp}{\stackrel{\textp}\to}\newcommand{\p}{\mathbf p}\newcommand{\0}{\mathbf 0}\newcommand{\X}{\mathbf X}\newcommand{\Mult}{\text{Mult}}\newcommand{\E}{\operatorname{E}}\newcommand{\e}{\varepsilon}\newcommand{\Var}{\operatorname{Var}}\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb R}\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\newcommand{\H}{\mathcal H}$Let $X$ be a continuous random vector in $\mathbb R^n$ with distribution $P_X$…

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